This session will explore the U.S.’ unprecedented use of “secondary tariffs” targeting countries that import Venezuelan oil, including potential implications for EU exporters. These discretionary tariffs, applied to all goods entering the U.S. from such countries, introduce a new dimension to transatlantic sanctions compliance. We will examine how this trade-focused enforcement tool differs from traditional secondary sanctions and its relevance to EU firms engaged in global energy markets. The discussion will also assess jurisdictional challenges, enforcement discretion, and risk mitigation strategies.